What Should You Expect After Filing?

Once you apply, your trademark application is assigned to a USPTO examining attorney for review. If problems are flagged, you'll receive a letter known as an Office action that will explain the issue and generally give you 6 months to respond. You must respond to Office actions within that deadline, or your application will be denied. If your application satisfies all requirements, your trademark will be approved for publication in the USPTO's Trademark Official Gazette. This gives other people an opportunity to oppose it. If there is opposition, you may need legal assistance to prevail.

What Are the Common Reasons a Trademark Is Rejected?

To avoid delays in the trademark registration process, you need to know some key facts. You can't register a trademark for non-business purposes. You can only trademark a brand name that you're using in business or that you intend to use in business in the near future. You can't register a generic or descriptive name. Your trademark name has to be distinctive or unique in some way to be approved. The name can't create a likelihood of confusion among consumers. This can happen when your name is too similar to another registered mark or one that's pending. When similar marks are used on related goods and services, consumers can get confused and mistakenly believe they come from the same source. That's why every trademark application must specify the type of goods or services where a trademark will be used.

Is a Trademark Name Search Necessary?

A trademark search is an invaluable first step because it can prevent potential trademark problems before you even file an application or invest time and money in your business name. The USPTO has a huge database of registered trademarks and pending applications. A basic search will uncover trademarks that match yours. The search results can alert you to a potential denial based on the likelihood of confusion with an existing trademark. A more comprehensive search sorts through other platforms such as state trademark databases, business directories, and the internet to identify other names that are the same as—or similar to—your proposed trademark name. Doing a trademark name search can help you avoid legal and marketing troubles down the road.

How to Trademark a Name

Q: What Is Common Law Ownership?

As you start selling your product or service, you automatically have what's called “common law ownership” of that name without having to register it formally. However, common law rights only go so far. One limitation of common law ownership is that your name is only protected in the geographic area where it is being used. When you register a trademark with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), however, your trademark rights protect you nationwide. This is especially helpful if you plan to sell your products or services outside your local area. Similarly, in the event of a court dispute over your name, common law ownership only offers limited protection. With federal trademark registration, you can file a trademark infringement lawsuit in federal court. So if you really want enhanced protection, it's a good idea to register your trademark as soon as possible.

Q: What Happens Once Registration Is Complete?

If approved based on use in commerce, and you've resolved any opposition, your mark will be registered. If approved based on an intent to use the application, you would receive a Notice of Allowance, which means your mark has been allowed but won't be formally registered until you begin using it in business and file a Statement of Use and a specimen that shows your name in use. When your registration is complete, you can begin using the registered trademark symbol, ®, next to your name. Enforcing your trademark rights is your responsibility. It's important to monitor your trademark and act promptly if you believe someone is infringing on it.

A trademark ensures your business name stays one-of-a-kind. Learn how to trademark a business name with the United States Patent and Trademark Office.

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by

Swara Ahluwalia

Swara has over six years of writing experience in the software, manufacturing, and small business segments. When she isn’t drafting solutions for her clients, you’ll find her training for her next marathon or spending time with her two daughters.

How to get a trademark in 5 steps

The trademark application process can be complicated. Here are some insights that will help you understand how to trademark a name and what you need to know before applying for trademark registration.

1. Confirm if you need a trademark

Getting a trademark can be tricky and time-consuming; therefore, before embarking on this registration process, ask yourself, "Do I need a trademark?"

One important factor to understand here is common law ownership. Common law ownership for a business name means that you get basic protection and rights as soon as you start selling your product or service without having to register the name formally. However, common law rights only go so far. One limitation of common law ownership is that your name is only protected in the geographic area where it's being used.

When you register a trademark with the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), your trademark rights protect you nationwide. This is especially helpful as your business grows and you start selling your products or services outside your local area.

Similarly, in the event of a court dispute over your name, common law ownership only offers limited protection. With federal trademark registration, you can file a trademark infringement lawsuit in federal court. If you really want enhanced protection, it's a good idea to register your trademark as soon as possible.

If you need clarification on whether a trademark is right for you, an initial consultation with an attorney can be helpful. They can assess your situation and advise you on the best action.

2. Research existing trademarks to ensure yours is distinct

It's best to avoid getting too attached to a name before completing a search of existing trademarks using the Trademark Search Sys. The hallmark of the USPTO accepting your trademark is distinction. If you find a similar mark in the results, your trademark application will probably get rejected.

Here are some tips for performing a comprehensive name search:

Look for more than just exact name matches. Identify any similar marks that can confuse the customer
Use quotation marks around phrases you want to search together
Use multiple variations (spellings, plural form) of the name
Use the "Design code" or "Mark description" fields if your business name includes any symbol or design mark

USPTO provides detailed guidelines on how to perform a trademark search. If you find this all too overwhelming, it might be better to enlist the services of a trademark lawyer to perform the search on your behalf.

3. Prepare your trademark application

Preparing the application is the most crucial yet time-consuming part of the entire registration process.

You need to gather the following information and make sure it's as accurate as possible:

Name, address, and contact information of the individual or business that will own the trademark.
Description of the mark. If you use your business name without any special symbols or colors, it would be considered a "Standard character mark."
Identify the trademark classification (the category under which your product or service falls). Reference the Trademark ID Manual for guidance. You can file under multiple classes, which will bump up your filing fees.
Filing basis. You can apply under two options: "intend-to-use" or "in commerce." The latter option is ideal if your mark is already being used (the name is already on the shop billboard and all outgoing packages). You'll have to submit proof of use as supporting documentation.

4. Apply with the proper trademark electronic application (TEAS)

File your completed application using one of USPTO's Trademark Electronic Application Sys. (TEAS): TEAS Standard or TEAS Plus. The difference between the two comes down to the filing fees and whether you can use the USPTO's pre-approved terms to describe your trademark.

Once you hit "Submit," you'll get a confirmation email that includes a serial number. Keep this number safe, as that's what you'll need to check on your application registration status.

TEAS Plus: Costs $250 per class of goods/services. Use when describing goods/services with pre-approved terms.
TEAS Standard: Costs $300 per class of goods/services. Use when writing your own description.

5. Wait for USPTO application review

The waiting game begins now. This review process can take a few months, so don’t hit the panic button if you don’t hear back immediately. A government patent attorney is assigned to review your application, and they’ll decide whether to approve your name trademark. If the examining attorney raises any discrepancies or questions, you or your lawyer will receive an "Office Action" letter that explains the concerns. Applicants are generally given six months to reply to the office's actions, state their case, and make any required changes. If they fail to respond within that timeline, the application is canceled.

If the examining attorney approves your initial application filing, the trademarked name will be published in the "Official Gazette," a weekly online publication announcing new trademarks. This publication gives other businesses and any other third party a 30-day window to file a Notice of Objection. If the office doesn't receive any valid complaint, they will approve and register your trademark and send you a confirmation. This process can take another three to four months.
In the unfortunate scenario, say a business does contest your trademark. This calls for a legal proceeding, and you'll have to present your case before the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board (TTAB).

If approved based on an intent to use the application, you would receive a Notice of Allowance, which means your mark has been allowed but won't be formally registered until you begin using it in business and file a Statement of Use and a specimen that shows your name in use.
When your registration is complete, you can begin using the registered trademark symbol, ®, next to your name.

What can you trademark?

Anything from your company business name, color, slogan, symbol, and tagline to even a jingle can be trademarked. Think of it this way: if it helps your customers identify your brand among the other businesses and say, “Yes, I know them!” then it can be trademarked.

The following things can’t be trademarked:

Commonly used or generic terms like “boutique” or “salon”
Descriptive terms that simply state what the product does
Functional design or features like the shape of a screwdriver or wrench

Consult an experienced intellectual property attorney to understand what can and can’t be trademarked.

Limitations of a trademark

However, there are limitations to what a trademark can do and protect. Yes, a trademark grants you exclusive rights to use a particular name, color, or logo. But, this protection applies only to the specific goods or services you have registered under. For instance, if you’ve trademarked “Budding Blossoms” for a children’s clothing line, another company can use the same name for their wedding floral business, as it falls entirely into a separate class.

Also, the USPTO only registers the trademark. The burden of the enforcement and legal action ultimately falls upon you. Therefore, if you’re the trademark owner for the name “Budding Blossoms” but have never used the name commercially, another business can use the same name and challenge your trademark on legal grounds of nonusage. Here’s another scenario: if you’re actively using the trademarked name and find another business entity using the same name, you'll need to ring the alarm, send a cease and desist letter, or file a lawsuit with the federal court.

A trademark gives you legal rights and exclusivity to use a business name within the U.S. You'll need to file for an international trademark if you want trademark protection and rights in a foreign country.

How much does it cost to get a trademark?

The fees for registering a federal trademark range between $250 and $700. The cost varies based on the number of trademarks you seek, the different goods or services you plan to register under, and the filing basis used: TEAS Plus or Standard. So, if you are filing a trademark for multiple classes, you can expect to pay an additional fee for every class of goods or services selected.

There’s also a cost difference between the two application filing methods: USPTO's online TEAS method vs. paper. Applying online is usually more pocket-friendly. Also, the filing fees are non-refundable. So, if your paperwork gets rejected, there’s no way to recover the application fee. For many small businesses, a trademark is a significant expense; therefore, it’s best to do ample due diligence and research before applying for the trademark.

But, the costs don’t end with the initial filing; additional fees like maintenance and renewal costs need to be accounted for. For instance, between the fifth and sixth year of registration, you must submit a Section 8 declaration. The filing fee for this is contingent on the class of goods and services. There’s also a 10-year renewal fee, which costs $525 per class.

Maintaining your trademark

Unfortunately, even if the USPTO approves your trademark registration, it’s not a one-and-done scenario. It’s your responsibility to maintain your trademark and “keep it alive.” Keeping your trademark involves:

Actively using it in commerce
Completing maintenance paperwork as per deadlines
Submitting proof of use of the trademark (like the use of the name on the product label or packaging) for each class
Paying the required fees for declarations and renewals

The filing deadlines are dependent on the exact time of official registration. U.S. trademark applicants need to submit the following paperwork.

Documents to submit

Declaration of Use or Excusable Nonuse: Between the fifth and sixth year and between the ninth and 10th year
Application for Renewal: Every 10 years after that (19th-20th, 29th-30th)

The bottom line is that you can make your trademark last as long as you need it by following the rules set by the governing agency. If the trademarked name isn't used for an extended period of time, the USPTO can cancel the existing trademark registration.

Common reasons why a trademark is rejected

Did you know that almost half of trademark applications are denied? Avoid these critical mistakes to prevent your application from falling into the rejection pile.

Don’t register a trademark for non-business purposes. You can only trademark a brand name that you're using in business or that you intend to use in business in the near future.
Don’t register a generic or descriptive name. Your trademark name has to be distinctive or unique in some way to be approved. Words or names “like Creamy Cold Ice Cream” or “One Day Fast Delivery” won’t pass muster as they don’t identify or distinguish the product or service.
Don’t use a name that can create confusion among consumers. This can happen when your name is too similar to an existing trademark or a pending registered mark. When similar marks are used on related goods and services, consumers can get confused and mistakenly believe they come from the same source. That's why every trademark application must specify the type of goods or services where a trademark will be used.
Don’t wait till a product or service launches to file for a trademark. By delaying your trademark application until you’re ready to launch your business or everything is “perfect,” you risk another party getting trademark rights for the same name. The USPTO recognizes and registers trademarks on a first-come, first-serve basis.

Do I need a lawyer to trademark a name?

If you are a registered U.S. business entity, citizen, or permanent resident of the U.S., you aren't required to get legal assistance to file a trademark; you can certainly go the DIY route. However, the trademarking process is complex, and many factors must be considered.

Working with an experienced trademark attorney significantly increases the likelihood of approval on the first attempt. The attorney can help you understand what can be trademarked, provide guidance on the trademark application process, research the USPTO database, and create an action plan in case of conflicting search results. They can also reduce the risk of application errors, such as using a weak trademark or missing deadlines.

While hiring an intellectual property lawyer may seem like an expensive affair, they save you time, money, resources, and legal headaches in the long run.

FAQs on trademark registration

Is it worth trademarking my business name?

Absolutely. Your business name is not only a valuable asset, but it also establishes your business’ identity. Protecting it via a trademark can really pay dividends as it ensures uniqueness and provides a sense of security and protection. Also, having legal protection and trademark rights at the federal level makes expanding business across state borders easier.

What are trademark classes?

Trademark classes are how the USPTO office organizes goods and services into broad categories. An international agreement defines these categories. Trademark classes are used to determine filing fees. They are also helpful in researching the USPTO database to identify registered and pending trademarks.

Your registered mark only provides legal protection under the class of goods or services you have selected. If you wish to expand the use of the name to another category, you will have to file and pay an additional fee for each new listing.

Here's an example: You wish to trademark the business name "Budding Blossom" under children's clothing and a day-care center. Those are two different classes, and you must pay separate fees.

Can I file for a U.S. trademark from outside the U.S.?

You can trademark a name in the U.S. even if you are living in another country. As a part of the filing requirements, your business needs to submit proof of foreign registration and trademark use for the same class of goods or services. As a foreign applicant, you must hire a licensed U.S. attorney to complete the entire process and represent you before the USPTO.

Any business registering from outside the U.S. can also use the Madrid Protocol to complete the trademark registration process.

What is the difference between the ™, SM, and ® symbols?

Many assume the ™, SM, and ® symbols to mean the same thing. They don't. The ™ symbol generally represents goods and should be used if you are waiting for the USPTO to review a registration. The service mark, or SM, works similarly to the ™ mark but is used for services. The ® symbol means that a trademark is registered.